In a world where the prevalence of allergies continues to rise, understanding these immune reactions is essential to improving the quality of life of those affected. Allergies, characterized by an exaggerated response of the immune system to normally harmless substances, affect people of all ages and backgrounds, generating a range of symptoms from mild to severe.ges and all walks of life, generating a range of symptoms from mild discomforts to serious medical emergencies.
What is an allergy?
An allergy is an immune system reaction to a foreign substance, called an allergen, which does not normally cause problems in most people. Allergens can include pollen, dust mites, animal hair, foods and certain medications.
How to recognize an allergic reaction
Allergy symptoms can vary considerably, depending on the individual and the allergen in question. They can include a runny nose, sneezing, hives and, in severe cases, a reaction called anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency characterized by difficulty breathing, a drop in blood pressure, and sometimes, shock.
What causes allergies?
Allergies result from an overactive reaction of the immune system to normally harmless substances. When an allergic person comes into contact with an allergen, the body perceives the substance as a threat and triggers an immune response.
How are allergies treated?
Allergy treatment depends on the severity and type of allergy. Treatment options include antihistamines, nasal corticoids, immunotherapies and avoidance of known allergens. In the case of anaphylaxis, the immediate administration of epinephrine is crucial.
Can allergies be prevented?
Although it's difficult to prevent allergies, certain actions can reduce the risk of exposure to allergens. These include keeping a clean home, avoiding pets if you're allergic to their hair, and consulting an allergist for personalized advice.
Why do some people develop allergies?
The reasons why some people develop allergies while others don't are not fully understood. Genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors all play a part in the development of allergies. Hygiene theory suggests that reduced exposure to microbes during childhood may increase the risk of allergies by altering the development of the immune system.
What are the most common types of allergen?
Allergens can be classified into several main categories, including airborne allergens (such as pollen, dust mites, molds and animal hair), food allergens (including tree nuts, insects, moulds and fungi), and allergenic substances.allergens (including nuts, seafood, eggs and milk), contact allergens (such as nickel or certain chemicals in cosmetics) and drug allergens. Each category triggers specific reactions in susceptible individuals.
How are allergies diagnosed?
Allergy diagnosis generally involves a combination of tests. A detailed medical history and physical examination are the first steps. Skin prick tests or specific IgE blood tests can be carried out to identify the specific allergens responsible for allergic reactions. In some cases, provocation tests under medical supervision may be necessary to confirm the allergy.
Is there a difference between an allergy and an intolerance?
Yes, an allergy is a reaction of the immune system to a substance, whereas an intolerance does not involve the immune system in the same way. Intolerances, such as lactose intolerance, generally involve difficulties in digesting certain substances, leading to digestive symptoms, without the severe immune reaction characteristic of allergies.
Can allergies develop at any age?
Yes, allergies can develop at any age, although they are most frequently diagnosed in childhood. Environmental factors, changes in allergen exposure, and changes in the immune system can all contribute to the onset of allergies in adults.
How can seasonal allergies be managed effectively?
Managing a seasonal allergy requires a proactive strategy. It is advisable to follow pollen forecasts and reduce exposure during periods of high concentration. Using HEPA air filters, washing clothes regularly after going outdoors, and applying symptomatic treatments, such as antihistamines or corticosteroid nasal sprays, can also help control symptoms. A consultation with an allergist to assess the advisability of specific immunotherapy may be beneficial for some individuals.
