In the field of cardiology, angina pectoris is a major problem, affecting a large proportion of the world's population. Characterized by chest pain resulting from insufficient perfusion of the heart muscle, this condition is a warning signal that the heart is not getting enough oxygen to function properly, often due to narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries. Understanding the mechanisms, causes, symptoms, as well as diagnostic and treatment options of angina pectoris is crucial, not only for healthcare professionals but also for the general public, in order to promote effective management and prevent potentially serious complications, such as myocardial infarction.
What is angina pectoris and how does it manifest itself?
Angina pectoris, also known as angina, is a medical condition characterized by pain or discomfort in the chest. This sensation, often described as pressure, heaviness or burning, results from an insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart muscle, usually caused by narrowed coronary arteries. Symptoms may also include pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw or back.
What are the main causes of angina pectoris?
The main causes of angina pectoris are related to atherosclerosis, a process whereby plaques of lipids, cholesterol and other substances build up on the walls of the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Other factors, such as high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle, can also contribute to the development of this condition.
How is angina pectoris diagnosed?
Diagnosis of angina pectoris involves a thorough medical evaluation, including detailed questioning of symptoms, a physical examination, and various diagnostic tests. Among these, the electrocardiogram (ECG), stress tests, echocardiography and coronary angiography are key tools for assessing cardiac function and identifying coronary artery narrowing.
What are the treatment options for angina pectoris?
Treatment of angina pectoris aims to reduce pain, prevent complications and improve quality of life. Options include medications such as nitroglycerins, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and statins. In some cases, invasive procedures such as coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery may be required to restore blood flow to the heart.
Can angina be prevented?
Angina pectoris can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle. This includes a balanced diet rich in fruit, vegetables and whole grains, regular exercise, stopping smoking, and controlling weight, blood pressure and cholesterol levels. It's also important to manage stress and undergo regular medical check-ups to detect and treat predisposing conditions.
What are the different types of angina and how are they distinguished?
There are two main types of angina pectoris: stable angina and unstable angina. Stable angina occurs during physical exertion or stress, and is generally relieved by rest or nitroglycerine. It is predictable, and its frequency, duration and intensity remain constant over time. Unstable angina, on the other hand, is less predictable and can occur even at rest. It is more severe, may last longer and does not improve with nitroglycerin alone, signaling an increased risk of heart attack.
Is angina pectoris the same as a heart attack?
Although angina pectoris and heart attack share similar symptoms, such as chest pain, they are distinct. Angina is caused by a temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart, often triggered by physical or emotional exertion, and the pain usually resolves with rest or medication. A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is completely blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.
How can stress management help control angina pectoris?
Stress can cause blood vessels to narrow and raise blood pressure, aggravating angina pectoris. Stress management through techniques such as meditation, yoga, deep breathing or behavioral therapy can help relax blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, and decrease the frequency and severity of angina episodes. Good stress control also contributes to a better quality of life and overall heart health.
What role does diet play in the management of angina?
A healthy diet plays a crucial role in the management of angina by helping to control risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol levels. Recommendations include a high intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, omega-3-rich fish, and limiting saturated fats, added sugars and sodium. Such a diet can help prevent atherosclerosis and improve blood circulation.
Are there any recent advances in the treatment of angina pectoris?
Advances in the treatment of angina pectoris include the development of new drugs, such as If (hyperpolarizing current) inhibitors that regulate heart rhythm, and gene and cell therapies aimed at improving blood flow to the heart. In addition, technological advances in imaging techniques and surgical interventions, such as robotic surgery for coronary artery bypass grafting, offer more precise and less invasive treatment options. These innovations improve patient outcomes and reduce recovery time.
