What is infectious mononucleosis and how is it transmitted?
Infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as "kissing disease", is a viral disorder caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is transmitted mainly through saliva, hence its nickname. The virus can also be spread by sharing personal objects such as glasses or kitchen utensils and, less frequently, through blood transfusions or organ transplants.
What are the characteristic symptoms of mononucleosis?
Symptoms of mononucleosis include severe fatigue, fever, persistent sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes, especially in the neck. Other symptoms may include splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) and rash. Symptoms generally appear 4 to 6 weeks after exposure to the virus, corresponding to its incubation period.
How is infectious mononucleosis diagnosed?
Mononucleosis is diagnosed primarily by clinical examination, and confirmed by blood tests such as the heterophil agglutination test (Monospot test) or specific serological tests for antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus. These tests can detect the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies, indicating recent or past infection.
Is there a specific treatment for mononucleosis?
There is no specific treatment for mononucleosis. Treatment is mainly symptomatic, including rest, hydration and the use of analgesics and anti-inflammatories to relieve fever and pain. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, but can be prescribed to treat secondary bacterial infections that may occur.
What are the possible complications of infectious mononucleosis?
Although mononucleosis is generally a benign disease, it can lead to more serious complications. The most common include rupture of the spleen, particularly in young adults and adolescents. Other rare but serious complications include liver problems, neurological abnormalities such as meningitis or encephalitis, and hematological disorders such as anemia or thrombocytopenia.
What precautions can be taken to avoid mononucleosis?
Mononucleosis can be prevented mainly by adopting standard hygiene measures, notably by avoiding sharing personal objects that come into contact with saliva. It is also advisable to avoid close contact, such as kissing, with an infected person. Raising awareness of personal hygiene and maintaining good sanitary practices are essential to reduce the risk of transmission.
How long is infectious mononucleosis contagious?
Individuals infected with the Epstein-Barr virus can transmit the virus to others several weeks before symptoms appear, and continue to be contagious for several months after symptoms have resolved. It's important to note that the virus can remain dormant in the body and can reactivate, albeit rarely, occasionally resulting in secondary transmission.
What is the link between infectious mononucleosis and the immune system?
Infectious mononucleosis primarily affects the immune system by activating a significant immune response against the Epstein-Barr virus. This process leads to an increase in B and T lymphocytes, the cells responsible for fighting infection. A weakened immune system may not respond effectively to the virus, prolonging the duration of symptoms and increasing the risk of complications.
Can you get infectious mononucleosis more than once?
It's relatively rare to get mononucleosis more than once. However, once infected, people carry the Epstein-Barr virus for life in their B cells. The virus can remain dormant, and generally causes no symptoms after the first infection. Nevertheless, in certain cases of weakened immune systems, the virus can reactivate and cause symptoms similar to those of mononucleosis.
How does infectious mononucleosis affect children and adolescents?
Children and adolescents are among the age groups most frequently affected by infectious mononucleosis. In young children, symptoms may be milder and often confused with other common childhood illnesses. Adolescents, on the other hand, tend to present more severe symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, significant sore throat and high fever, which can significantly disrupt their daily and school activities.
When should a doctor be consulted in the event of mononucleosis symptoms?
It's advisable to consult a doctor if you suspect mononucleosis, especially if you have persistent symptoms such as high fever, intense sore throat, unexplained fatigue or swollen lymph nodes. Medical consultation is also imperative in the event of acute abdominal pain, which could indicate splenomegaly or other serious complications.
How can fatigue associated with infectious mononucleosis be managed?
Managing fatigue caused by mononucleosis mainly involves rest. It's important to allow your body to recover by limiting physical activity and ensuring adequate sleep. A balanced diet and adequate hydration are also crucial to support the healing process. If fatigue persists beyond the expected recovery period, it is advisable to consult a physician to assess possible complications or underlying problems prolonging fatigue.
